Поля крови. Религия и история насилия
Сноски
1
Библейские цитаты в русском тексте обычно даются по Синодальному переводу. В отдельных местах в перевод внесены изменения, отражающие понимание текста К. Армстронг. – Прим. пер.
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Значение глагола religio – «связывать», и римляне исталковывали religio как связь между людьми и богами. – Прим. ред.
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В авестийском языке санскритские «дэвы» стали «дайвами».
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Нарамсин (Наран-Суэн) не сын, а внук Саргона. – Прим. ред.
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Асура – санскритский аналог авестийского понятия «ахура» («владыка»).
Комментарии
1
Лев. 16:21–22
2
René Girard, Violence and the Sacred, trans. Patrick Gregory (Baltimore, 1977), p. 251 (Жирар Р. Насилие и священное. – М.: НЛО, 2010.)
3
Stanislav Andreski, Military Organization in Society (London, 1968); Robert L. O’Connell, Ride of the Second Horseman: The Birth and Death of War (New York and Oxford, 1995), pp. 6–13, 106–10,128–29; O’Connell, Of Arms and Men: A History of War, Weapons and Aggression (New York and Oxford, 1989), pp. 22–25; John Keegan, A History of Warfare (London, 1993), pp. 223–29; Bruce Lincoln, ‘War and Warriors: An Overview’, in Death, War and Sacrifice: Studies in Ideology and Practice (Chicago and London, 1991), pp. 138–40; Johan Huizinga, Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play Element in Culture (Boston, 1955 ed.), pp. 89–104 (Хейзинга Й. Homo Ludens. Человек играющий. – СПб.: Издательство Ивана Лимбаха, 2015.); Mark Juergensmeyer, Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 2001), p. 90; Malise Ruthven, A Fury for God: The Islamist Attack on America (London, 2002), p. 101; James A. Aho, Religious Mythology and the Art of War: Comparative Religious Symbolisms of Military Violence (Westport, Conn., 1981), pp. xi – xiii, 4–35; Richard English, Terrorism: How to Respond (Oxford and New York, 2009), pp. 27–55
4
Thomas A. Indinopulos & Bryan C. Wilson, eds, What is Religion? Origins, Definitions and Explanations (Leiden, 1998); Wilfred Cantwell Smith, The Meaning and End of Religion: A New Approach to the Religious Traditions of Mankind (New York, 1962); Talal Asad, ‘The Construction of Religion as an Anthropological Category’, in Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam (Baltimore, 1993); Derek Peterson & Darren Walhof, eds, The Invention of Religion: Rethinking Belief in Politics and History (New Brunswick, NJ, & London, 2002); Timothy Fitzgerald, ed., Religion and the Secular: Historical and Colonial Formations (London & Oakville, 2007); Arthur L. Greil & David G. Bromley, eds., Defining Religion: Investigating the Boundaries between the Sacred and Secular (Oxford, 2003); Daniel Dubuisson, The Western Construction of Religion: Myths, Knowledge and Ideology, trans. William Sayers (Baltimore, 1998); William T. Cavanaugh, The Myth of Religious Violence (Oxford, 2009)
5
Dubuisson, Western Construction of Religion, p. 168
6
H. J. Rose, ‘Religion, terms relating to’, in M. Carey, ed., The Oxford Classical Dictionary (Oxford, 1949)
7
Smith, Meaning and End of Religion, pp. 50–68
8
Louis Jacobs, ed., The Jewish Religion: A Companion (Oxford, 1995), p. 418
9
Smith, Meaning and End of Religion, pp. 23–25
10
Ibid., pp. 29–31
11
Ibid., p. 33
12
Cavanaugh, Myth of Religious Violence, pp. 72–85
13
Mircea Eliade, The Myth of Eternal Return, Or, Cosmos and History, trans. Willard R. Trask (Princeton, NJ, 1991 ed.), pp. 1–34. (Элиаде М. Миф о вечном возвращении. – М.: Ладомир, 2000.)
14
Ibid., pp. 32–34; Karl Jaspers, The Origin and Goal of History, trans. Michael Bullock (London, 1953), p. 40. (Ясперс К. Смысл и назначение истории. – М.: Республика, 1994.)
15
Paul Gilbert, The Compassionate Mind: A New Approach to Life’s Challenges (London, 2009).
16
P. Broca, ‘Anatomie compare des circonvolutions cérébrales: le grand lobe limbique’, Revue anthropologie, 1, 1868
17
Gilbert, Compassionate Mind, pp. 170–71
18
Mencius, The Book of Mencius, 2A. 6. (Мэн-цзы. – СПб.: Петербургское востоковедение, 1999.)
19
Walter Burkert, Homo Necans: The Anthropology of Greek Sacrificial Ritual, trans. Peter Bing (Berkeley, Los Angeles & London, 1983), pp. 16–22
20
Mircea Eliade, A History of Religious Ideas, 3 vols, trans. Willard R. Trask (Chicago & London, 1978, 1982, 1985), 1, pp. 7–8, 24 (Элиаде М. История веры и религиозных идей. – М.: Академический проект, 2014.); Joseph Campbell, Historical Atlas of World Mythologies, 2 vols (New York, 1988), 1, pp. 48–49; Campbell, & Bill Moyers, The Power of Myth (New York, 1988), pp. 70–72, 85–87
21
André Leroi-Gourhan, Treasures of Prehistoric Art (New York, n. d.), p. 112
22
Jill Cook, The Swimming Reindeer (London, 2010)
23
Neil MacGregor, A History of the World in 100 Objects (London, 2001), p. 22. (Макгрегор. История мира в 100 предметах. – М.: Эксмо, 2012.)
24
Ibid., p. 24
25
J. Ortega y Gasset, Meditations on Hunting (New York, 1985), p. 3
26
Walter Burkert, Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1980), pp. 54–56; Burkert, Homo Necans, pp. 42–45
27
O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, p. 33
28
Chris Hedges, War is a Force That Gives Us Meaning (New York, 2003 ed.), p. 10
29
Theodore Nadelson, Trained to Kill: Soldiers at War (Baltimore, 2005), p. 64
30
Ibid., pp. 68–69
31
Hedges, War is a Force, p. 3
32
I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Human Ethology (New York, 1989), p. 405
33
Lt. Col. Dave Grossman, On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society, rev. ed. (New York, 2009), pp. 3–4
34
Joanna Bourke, An Intimate History of Killing: Face to Face Killing in Twentieth- Century Warfare (New York, 1999), p. 67
35
Peter Jay, Road to Riches or The Wealth of Man (London, 2000), pp. 35–36
36
K. J. Wenke, Patterns of Prehistory: Humankind’s First Three Million Years (New York, 1961), p. 130; John Keegan, A History of Warfare (London, 1993), pp. 120–21; O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, p. 35
37
M. H. Fried, The Evolution of Political Society: An Essay in Political Anthropology (New York, 1967), pp. 101–02; C. McCalley, ‘Conference Archives’, in J. Harris, ed., The Anthropology of War (Cambridge, UK, 1990), p. 11
38
Lenski, Power and Privilege: A Theory of Social Stratification (Chapel Hill and London, 1966), pp. 189–90
39
O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 57–58
40
J. L. Angel, ‘Paleoecology, Pleodeography and Health’, in S. Polgar, ed., Population, Ecology and Social Evolution (The Hague, 1975); David Rindos, The Origins of Agriculture: An Evolutionary Perspective (Orlando, Fla., 1984), pp. 186–87
41
E. O. James, The Ancient Gods: The History and Diffusion of Religion in the Ancient Near East and the Eastern Mediterranean (London, 1960), p. 89; S. H. Hooke, Middle Eastern Mythology: From the Assyrians to the Hebrews (Harmondsworth, UK, 1963), p. 83
42
K. W. Kenyon, Digging up Jericho: The Results of the Jericho Excavations, 1953–1956 (New York, 1957)
43
Jacob Bronowski, The Ascent of Man (Boston, 1973), pp. 86–88; J. Mellaert, ‘Early Urban Communities in the Near East, 9000 to 3400 BCE’, in P. Mooney, ed., The Origins of Civilization (Oxford, 1979), pp. 22–25; P. Dorell, ‘The Uniqueness of Jericho’, in R. Morrey & P. Parr, eds, Archaeology in the Levant: Essays for Kathleen Kenyon (Warminster, UK, 1978)
44
Robert Eisen, The Peace and Violence of Judaism: From the Bible to Modern Zionism (Oxford, 2011), p. 12
45
World Council of Churches, Violence, Nonviolence, and the Struggle for Social Justice (Geneva, 1972), p. 6
46
Gerhard E. Lenski, Power and Privilege, pp. 105–14; O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, p. 28; E. O. Wilson, On Human Nature (Cambridge, Mass., 1978), p. 140; M. Ehrenburg, Women in Prehistory (London, 1989), p. 38
47
A. R. Radcliffe, The Andaman Islanders (New York, 1948), p. 43
48
Ibid., p. 177
49
John H. Kautsky, The Politics of the Aristocratic Empire, 2nd ed. (New Brunswick and London, 1997), p. 374
50
Ibid., p. 177
51
Keegan, History of Warfare, pp. 384–86; John Haldon, Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World (London and New York, 2005), pp. 10–11
52
Bruce Lincoln, ‘The Role of Religion in Achmenean Imperialism’, in Nicole Brisch, ed., Religion and Power: Divine Kingship in the Ancient World and Beyond (Chicago, 2008)
53
Cavanaugh, Myth of Religious Violence
54
Эпос о Гильгамеше, 1.2.26. Здесь и далее, за исключением оговоренных случаев, см.: английский перевод: Stephen Mitchell, trans., The Epic of Gilgamesh: A New English Version (New York, London, Toronto, Sydney, 2004). [Здесь и далее перевод И. Дьяконова. Цит. по изд.: Эпос о Гильгамеше («О все видавшем»). – СПб.: Наука, 2006. – Прим. пер.]
55
Ibid., 1.1.16–18
56
Ibid., 1.2.8–10
57
Древнейшие из сохранившихся текстов относятся к концу III тыс. до н. э. Старовавилонский эпос соединяет их в одном произведении (ок. 1700 г. до н. э.). Поэма Син-Леке (ок. 1200 г. до н. э.) представляет стандартный вариант, на котором основано большинство современных переводов
58
Эпос о Гильгамеше, 1.2.23. см.: перевод Митчелла и поправки в: Andrew George, trans., The Epic of Gilgamesh: The Babylonian Epic Poem in Akkadian and Sumerian (London, 1999)
59
George, Epic of Gilgamesh, p. xlvi
60
John Keegan, A History of Warfare (London, 1993), pp. 126–30; Robert L. O’Connell, Ride of the Second Horseman: The Birth and Death of War (New York and Oxford, 1995), pp. 88–89
61
R. M. Adams, Heartlands of Cities: Surveys of Ancient Settlements and Land Use on the Central Floodplains of the Euphrates (Chicago, 1981), pp. 60, 244; William H. McNeill, Plagues and People (London, 1994), p. 47
62
McNeill, Plagues and People, pp. 54–55
63
Gerhard E. Lenski, Power and Privilege: A Theory of Social Stratification (Chapel Hill and London, 1966), p. 228
64
A. L. Oppenheim, Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization (Chicago, 1977), pp. 82–83; O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 93–95
65
Samuel N. Kramer, Sumerian Mythology: A Study of the Spiritual and Literary Achievement of the Third Millennium BC (Philadelphia, 1944), p. 118. [Цит. по изд.: Крамер С. История начинается в Шумере. – М.: Наука, 1965. – Прим. пер.]
66
Ibid., с. 145. [Цит. по изд.: Крамер С. История начинается в Шумере. – М.: Наука, 1965. – Прим. пер.]
67
Gottwald, The Politics of Ancient Israel (Louisville, 2001), pp. 118–19
68
O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 91–92
69
Georges Dumézil, The Destiny of the Warrior, trans. Alf Hiltebeitel (Chicago and London, 1969), p. 3
70
Thorkild Jacobsen, ‘The Cosmos as State’, in H. and H. A. Frankfort, eds, The Intellectual Adventure of Ancient Man: An Essay on Speculative Thought in the Ancient Near East (Chicago, 1946), pp. 148–51
71
Эпос о Гильгамеше, 1.2.1
72
Более подробно об этом см.: мою книгу: Армстронг К. Краткая история мифа. – М.: Открытый мир, 2005.
73
Jacobsen, ‘Cosmos as State’, pp. 145–48; 186–97; George, Epic of Gilgamesh, pp. xxxvii – xxxviii
74
Jacobsen, ‘Cosmos as State’, pp. 186–91; Tammi J. Schneider, An Introduction to Ancient Mesopotamian Religion (Grand Rapids, Mich. & Cambridge, UK, 2011), pp. 66–79; George, Epic of Gilgamesh, pp. xxxviii – xxxix
75
Schneider, Introduction, p. 5; Jacobsen, ‘Cosmos as State’ p. 203
76
John Kautsky, The Politics of Aristocratic Empire, 2nd. ed., pp. 15–16; 107
77
Thomas Merton, Faith and Violence (Notre Dame, Ind., 1968), pp. 7–8
78
Walter Benjamin, ‘Theses on the Philosophy of History’, in Illuminations (London, 1999), p. 248
79
Max Weber, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, trans. A. M. Henderson & Talcott Parsons (New York, 1947), pp. 341–48
80
Эпос о Гильгамеше, 1.2.24–26
81
Сказание об Атрахасисе, 1.1. Здесь и далее см.: английский перевод в: Stephanie Dalley, Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others (Oxford and New York, 1989), p. 10. [Здесь и далее перевод В. Афанасьевой. Цит. по изд.: Я открою тебе сокровенное слово: литература Вавилонии и Ассирии / Сост. В. Афанасьева и И. Дьяконова. – М.: Художественная литература, 1981. – Прим. пер.]
82
Ibid., 1.38–39
83
Ibid., 1.146–149
84
Ibid., 1.177–179
85
Ibid., 1.180
86
Ibid. 2.5.16–18. (Армстронг соединяет два эпизода – чумы и голода: по наступленье третьего года черты людей исказил голод. По наступленье четвертого года короткими стали их длинные ноги. – Прим. пер.)
87
Ibid., 3.7
88
W. G. Lambert & A. R. Millard, Atra-Hasis: The Babylonian Story of the Flood (Oxford, 1969), pp. 31–39.
89
Schneider, Ancient Mesopotamian Religion, p. 45
90
Keegan, History of Warfare, p. 128
91
Эпос о Гильгамеше, 3.26–27 (старовавилонская версия)
92
Ibid., 1.4.47.–1.5.3
93
Ibid., 3.1.19–20 (старовавилонская версия)
94
O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 96–97
95
A. L. Oppenheimer, ‘Trade in the Ancient Near East’, International Congress of Economic History, 5, 1976
96
Kautsky, Politics of Aristocratic Empires, p. 178
97
Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions (Boston, 1973), pp. 41, 45; выделено мной. (Веблен Т. Теория праздного класса. – М.: Либроком, 2015.)
98
Ibid., p. 30
99
Эпос о Гильгамеше, 3.3.5–7 (старовавилонская версия)
100
Kautsky, Politics of Aristocratic Empires, pp. 170–72, 346
101
Эпос о Гильгамеше, 3.4.10, 13–15 (старовавилонская версия)
102
Ibid., 3.4.6–8, 23–25
103
Ibid., 3.2.10
104
Chris Hedges, War is a Force That Gives Us Meaning (New York, 2003), p. 21
105
Эпос о Гильгамеше, 5.31–32 (старовавилонская версия)
106
Ibid., 7.303–305
107
R. Cribb, Nomads and Archaeology (Cambridge, UK, 1999), pp. 18, 136, 215
108
O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 67–68
109
K. C. Chang, The Archaeology of Ancient China (New Haven, 1968), pp. 152–54
110
O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 77–78
111
Ibid.
112
Тацит. О происхождении германцев и местоположении Германии, 14 [Перевод А. Бобович. Цит. по изд.: Тацит К. Сочинения в двух томах. Т. 1. Анналы. Малые произведения. – Л.: Наука, 1969. – Прим. пер.]. см.: Kautsky, Politics of Aristocratic Empires, p. 178
113
Veblen, Theory of the Leisure Class, p. 45
114
Bruce Lincoln, ‘Indo-European Religions: An Introduction’, in Death, War and Sacrifice: Studies in Ideology and Practice (Chicago and London, 1991), pp. 1–10
115
Mary Boyce, ‘Priests, Cattle and Men’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 1988, pp. 508–26.
116
См., напр., зороастрийский богослужебный текст Ясна 30:7c; 32; 49: 4b; 50: 7a; 30: 106; 44: 4d; 51:96; Bruce Lincoln, ‘Warriors and Non-Herdsmen: A Response to Mary Boyce’, in Death, War and Sacrifice, pp. 147–60
117
Lincoln, ‘Indo-European Religions’, pp. 10–13
118
Ibid., p. 12
119
Bruce Lincoln, ‘War and Warriors: An Overview’, in Death, War and Sacrifice, pp. 138–40
120
Гомер, Илиада XII 310–315. см.: английский перевод: Richard Lattimore, The Iliad of Homer (Chicago and London, 1951). [Перевод Н. Гнедича. Здесь и далее цит. по: Гомер. Илиада. – М.: Правда, 1984. – Прим. пер.]
121
Lincoln, ‘War and Warriors’, p. 143
122
Georges Dumézil, The Destiny of the Warrior, trans. Alf Hiltebeitel (Chicago and London, 1969), pp. 64–74
123
Илиада ХХ 490–494
124
Илиада ХХ: 495–503; Seth L. Schein, The Mortal Hero: An Introduction to Homer’s Iliad (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London), pp. 145–46
125
Lincoln, ‘Indo-European Religions’, p. 4
126
Dumézil, Destiny of the Warrior, pp. 106–07
127
Илиада IV 482–488
128
Одиссея XI 488–491. см.: английский перевод в: Walter Shewring, Homer: The Odyssey (Oxford and New York, 1980). [Перевод В. Жуковского. Цит. по: Гомер. Илиада, Одиссея. – М.: Художественная литература, 1967. – Прим. пер.]
129
James Mellaart, The Neolithic of the Near East (London, 1975), pp. 119, 167, 206–07; O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 74–81
130
J. N. Postgate, Early Mesopotamia: Society and Economy at the Dawn of History (London, 1992), p. 251.
131
O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 132–42
132
Keegan, History of Warfare, pp. 130–31
133
John Romer, People of the Nile: Everyday Life in Ancient Egypt (New York, 1982), p. 115
134
Keegan, History of Warfare, pp. 133–35
135
Yigal Yadin, The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands, 2 vols (New York, 1963), I, pp. 134–35; Robert Adams, The Evolution of Urban Society: Early Mesopotamia and Prehispanic Mexico (Chicago, 1966), p. 149
136
Kramer, Sumerian Mythology, p. 123
137
Ibid., p. 120
138
Kautsky, Politics of Aristocratic Empires, p. 108; ср. Carlo M. Cipolla, Before the Industrial Revolution: European Society and Economy, 1000–1700 (New York, 1976), pp. 129–30, 151
139
Robert L. O’Connell, Of Arms and Men: A History of War: Weapons and Aggression (New York, p. 38); Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 100–01; William H. McNeill, The Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force and Society since AD 1000 (Chicago, 1982), pp. 2–3; Schneider, Ancient Mesopotamian Religion, pp. 22–23; A. L. Oppenheim, Ancient Mesopotamia, pp. 153–54; Gwendolyn Leick, Mesopotamia: The Invention of the City (London, 2001), pp. 85–108
140
Joseph A. Schumpeter, Imperialism and Social Classes: Two Essays (New York, 1955), p. 25: Perry Anderson, Lineages of the Absolutist State (London, 1974), p. 32. (Андерсон П. Родословная абсолютистского государства. – М.: Территория будущего, 2010.)
141
Anderson, Lineages, p. 31
142
Kautsky, Politics of Aristocratic Empires, pp. 148–52
143
Marc Bloch, Feudal Society (Chicago, 1961), p. 298. (Блок М. Феодальное общество. – М.: Издательство имени Сабашниковых, 2003.)
144
Leick, Mesopotamia, p. 95. Морем «наверху» и морем «внизу» названы соответственно Средиземное море и Персидский залив
145
Ibid., p. 100
146
Кодекс Хаммурапи, введение. См. J. B. Pritchard, ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament (Princeton, 1969), p. 164. [Цит. по: Хрестоматия по истории Древнего Востока. Ч. I / Под ред. М. А. Коростовцева, И. С. Кацнельсона, В. И. Кузищина. – М.: Высшая школа, 1980. – Прим. пер.]
147
См. F. C. Frensham, Social Justice in Ancient Israel and in the Ancient Near East (Minneapolis, 1995), p. 193
148
Кодекс Хаммурапи, заключение; выделено мной. см.: Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts, p. 178
149
Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization (Chicago and London, 1974), 3 vols, 1, pp. 108–10
150
Schneider, Ancient Mesopotamian Religion, pp. 105–06. Смысл и этимология слова «Акиту» не известны; Jacobsen, ‘Cosmos as State’, p. 169
151
N. K. Sanders, ed. and trans., ‘The Babylonian Creation Hymn’, in Poems of Heaven and Hell from Ancient Mesopotamia (London, 1971), pp. 44–60
152
Jonathan Z. Smith, ‘A Pearl of Great Price and a Cargo of Yams: A Study in Situational Incongruity’, in Jonathan Z. Smith, Imagining Religion: From Babylon to Jonestown (Chicago and London, 1982), pp. 90–96; Mircea Eliade, A History of Religious Ideas, trans. Willard R. Trask, 3 vols, (Chicago, 1978), 1, pp. 72–76; Sanders, ‘Babylonian Creation Hymn’, pp. 47–51
153
Smith, ‘Pearl of Great Price’, p. 91
154
Sanders, ‘Babylonian Creation’, p. 73. [Перевод. В. Афанасьевой. Цит. по: Я открою тебе сокровенное слово… – М.: Художественная литература, 1981. – Прим. пер.]
155
Ibid.
156
Ibid., p. 79
157
O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 141–42
158
Leick, Mesopotamia, pp. 198–216
159
A. K. Grayson, Assyrian Royal Inscriptions, 2 vols (Wiesbaden, 1972, 1976), 1, pp. 80–81
160
H. W. F. Saggs, The Might That Was Assyria (London, 1984), pp. 48–49; Дьяконов И. // Ancient Mesopotamia: Socio-economic history: A collection of studies by Soviet scholars. – Moscow, 1969, pp. 221–22
161
Grayson, Assyrian Royal Inscriptions, pp. 123–24
162
Saggs, Might That Was Assyria, p. 62
163
Ibid., p. 61
164
Песнь о невинном страдальце, 76. см.: Jacobsen, ‘Cosmos as State’, pp. 212–14. [Перевод В. Шилейко. Цит. по: Ассиро-вавилонский эпос / Сост. В. В. Емельянов. – СПб.: Наука, 2007. – Прим пер.]
165
Ясна 46. Norman Cohn, Cosmos, Chaos and the World to Come: The Ancient Roots of Apocalyptic Faith (New Haven and London, 1993), p. 77; Mary Boyce, Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, 2nd ed. (London and New York), p. xliii (Бойс М. Зороастрийцы. Верования и обычаи. – М.: Наука, 1987.); Peter Clark, Zoroastrians: An Introduction to an Ancient Faith (Brighton and Portland, Oreg., 1998), p. 19
166
Ясна 30
167
Boyce, Zoroastrians, pp. 23–24
168
Lincoln, ‘Warriors and Non-Herdsmen’, p. 153
169
Ясна 44
170
Lincoln, ‘Warriors and Non-Herdsmen’, p. 158
171
Jarrod L. Whitaker, Strong Arms and Drinking Strength: Masculinity, Violence and the Body in Ancient India (Oxford, 2011), pp. 152–53
172
Ригведа, III 32: 1–4, 9–11. см.: английский перевод: Ralph T. Griffith, The Rig Veda (London, 1992). [Перевод Т. Елизаренковой. Цит. по: Ригведа. Мандалы I–IV. – М.: Наука, 1999. – Прим. пер.]
173
Edwin Bryant, The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Debate (Oxford and New York, 2001); Colin Renfrew, The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins (London, 1987); Romila Thapar, Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 2002), pp. 105–07
174
Whitaker, Strong Arms, pp. 3–5; Wendy Doniger, The Hindus: An Alternative History (Oxford, 2009), pp. 111–13.
175
Louis Renou, Religions of Ancient India (London, 1953), p. 20; Michael Witzel, ‘Vedas and Upanishads’, in Gavin Flood, ed., Blackwell Companion to Hinduism (Oxford, 2003), pp. 70–71; J. C. Heesterman, ‘Ritual, Revelation and the Axial Age’, in S. N. Eisenstadt, ed., The Origins and Diversity of Axial Age Civilizations (Albany, NY, 1986), p. 398
176
J. C. Heesterman, ‘Ritual, Revelation and the Axial Age’, pp. 396–98; Heesterman, The Inner Conflict of Tradition: Essays on Indian Ritual, Kingship and Society (Chicago and London, 1985), p. 206; John Keay, India: A History (London, 2000), pp. 31–33; Thapar, Early India, pp. 126–30
177
Ригведа, 1.32.5
178
Шатапатха Брахмана (ШБ), 6.8.11. см.: английский перевод в: J. C. Heesterman, The Broken World of Sacrifice: An Essay in Ancient Indian Religion (Chicago and London, 1993), p. 123
179
Ригведа, 8.16.1; 8.95.6; 10.38.4
180
Whitaker, Strong Arms, pp. 3–5; 16–23; Catherine Bell, Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice (New York, 1992), pp. 180–81, 221
181
Renou, Religions of Ancient India, p. 6; Witzel, ‘Vedas and Upanishads’, p. 73
182
Whitaker, Strong Arms, pp. 115–17
183
Ср. Ригведа, 2.22.4
184
Ригведа, 3.31; 10.62.2
185
Witzel, ‘Vedas and Upanishads’, p. 72
186
Doniger, Hindus, p. 114
187
Heesterman, ‘Ritual and Revelation, ’ p. 403
188
ШБ 7.1.1.1–4, см.: Mircea Eliade, The Myth of the Eternal Return or Cosmos and History, trans. Willard R. Trask (Princeton, 1974), pp. 10–11
189
Майтраяни-самхита, 4.2.1.23.2; см.: Heesterman, Broken World, pp. 23–24; 134–37
190
ШБ 2.2.2.8–10; Heesterman, Broken World, p. 24
191
Georges Dumézil, The Destiny of the Warrior, trans. Alf Hiltebeitel (Chicago and London, 1970), pp. 76–78
192
John H. Kautsky, The Political Consequences of Modernization (New Brunswick and London, 1997), pp. 25–26
193
Whitaker, Strong Arms, p. 158
194
Louis Renou, ‘Sur la Notion de “brahman” ’, Journal Asiatique, 237 (1949); Jan Gonda, Change and Continuity in Indian Religion (The Hague, 1965), p. 200
195
Ригведа, 1.164.46. Гарутмант – это солнце
196
Ригведа, 10.129. 6–7
197
Jan Gonda, The Vision of the Vedic Poets (The Hague, 1963), p. 18
198
Renou, Religions of Ancient India, pp. 220–25; R. C. Zaehner, Hinduism (London, New York and Toronto, 1962), pp. 219–25
199
Ригведа, 10. 90
200
Ibid., 10.90. [Перевод Т. Елизаренковой. Цит. по: Ригведа. Мандалы IХ – X. – М.: Наука, 1999. – Прим. пер.]
201
Bruce Lincoln, ‘Indo-European Religions: An Introduction’, in Death, War and Sacrifice: Studies in Ideology and Practice (Chicago and London, 1991), p. 8
202
Bruce Lincoln, ‘Sacrificial Ideology and Indo-European Society’, in Death, War and Sacrifice, p. 173
203
Thapar, Early India, p. 123
204
Lincoln, ‘Sacrificial Ideology’, pp. 174–75
205
Ibid., pp. 143–47
206
Reinhard Bendix, Kings or People: Power and the Mandate to Rule (Berkeley, 1977), p. 228
207
Max Weber, The Religion of India: The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism, trans. and ed. Hans H. Gerth and Don Martindale (Glencoe, Ill., 1951), p. 65
208
Alfred Vogts, A History of Militarism: Civilian and Military, rev. ed. (New York, 1959), p. 42
209
Панчавимша-брахмана (ПБ), 7.7: 9–10, см.: Heesterman, Broken World, p. 62
210
ШБ 6.8.14; Heesterman, ‘Ritual, Revelation and the Axial Age’, p. 402
211
J. C. Heesterman, The Inner Conflict of Tradition: Essays on Indian Ritual, Kingship and Society (Chicago and London, 1993) pp. 68, 84–85
212
Ригведа, 1.162.20–21; ср. английский перевод Гриффитса
213
Таиттирия-самхита (ТС), 6.4.8.1; см.: Heesterman, Inner Conflict, p. 209
214
Таиттирия-брахмана (ТБ), 3.7.7.14; см.: Heesterman, Broken World, p. 34
215
Witzel, ‘Vedas and Upanisads’, p. 82
216
Шатапатха Брахмана, 10.6.5.8; см.: Heesterman, Broken World, p. 57
217
Zaehner, Hinduism, pp. 59–60; Renou, Religions of Ancient India, p. 18; Witzel, ‘Vedas and Upanisads’, p. 81 Brian K. Smith, Reflections on Resemblance, Ritual and Religion (Oxford and New York, 1989), pp. 30–34, 72–81
218
Jonathan Z. Smith, ‘The Bare Facts of Ritual’, in Imagining Religion: From Babylon to Jonestown (Chicago and London, 1982), p. 63
219
Doniger, Hindus, pp. 137–42; Gavin Flood, An Introduction to Hinduism (Oxford, 2003), pp. 80–81
220
Thapar, Early India, pp. 150–52
221
Законы Ману, 7.16–22; см.: перевод G. Buhler (Delhi, 1962). [Перевод С. Эльмановича, проверенный и исправленный Г. Ильиным. Цит. по: Законы Ману. – М.: Наука, 1992. – Прим. пер.]
222
Thapar, Early India, pp. 147–49; Doniger, Hindus, pp. 165–66.
223
Thapar, Early India, p. 138.
224
Hermann Kulke, ‘The Historical Background of India’s Axial Age’, in S. N. Eisenstadt, ed., The Origins and Diversity of Axial Age Civilizations (Albany, NY, 1986), p. 385
225
Thapar, Early India, p. 154
226
Richard Gombrich, Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo (London and New York, 1988), pp. 55–56